Table 4 Graphic representation of the effects of virtual walking on health-related outcomes by included studies

From: A scoping review on the role of virtual walking intervention in enhancing wellness

Locomotion categories, Study, Year

Changes in Pain (11)

Changes in psychosocial outcomes (5)

Changes in physical function (3)

Severity/intensity

Quality

Interference

Pain-related disability

Pain symptoms

Depression

Anxiety

Stress

Catastrophic thinking

General well-being

Pain unpleasantness

Mood and affect

Fear of movement

Muscle Strength

Walking speed/distance

Balance

Function mobility

Passive observing locomotion

 Eick et al.20

                 

 Mollà-Casanova et al.1 ▲

-

 

-

          

■*

■*

  

 Özkul et al.23 ▲

○*

○*

○*

              

 Jordan et al.21

○*

                

 Landmann et al.22

■

    

■

■

■

■

-

       

 López-Carballo et al.14 ▲

■*

                

 Richardson et al.24

■*

   

○*

     

○*

      

 Roosink et al.25

-

                

 Soler et al.2 ▲

    

■*

■*

           

 Yilmaz et al.27

○*

        

-

  

○*

  

-

○*

Arm swing locomotion

 Gustin et al.17

■*

 

-

-

             

 López-Carballo et al. 14 ▲

■*

                

 Trost et al.16

■*

 

■*

  

○*

     

■*

     

Foot tracking locomotion

 Villiger et al.26

             

■*

-

■*

■*

  1. note. - = Outcomes reported as non-significant, ▲ = Virtual walking combined with other therapies; ■ = Improved within the intervention group, but without statistical significance explicitly stated (e.g., feasibility studies), ○ = Improved between-group.
  2. *P <0.05.
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