Table 1 Characteristics of patients and their DTs

From: Digital twins enable stratification of persistent atrial fibrillation patients for ablation diminishing unnecessary heart damage

 

Entire DT cohort (N = 35)

DTs with added benefit of PWI over WA-PVI (N = 8)

DTs where added PWI was not beneficial (N = 27)

P value

DTs where WA-PVI was more beneficial than IO-PVI (N = 6)

DTs where WA-PVI was not more beneficial than IO-PVI (N = 21)

P value

Clinical information

 Male

27 (77)

5 (63)

22 (82)

0.346

6 (100)

16 (76)

0.555

 Age, Y

66 [59–73]

72 [63–76]

63 [58–70]

0.169

62 [47–68]

63 [59–71]

0.335

 Body Mass Index, kg/m2

30.6 ± 4.6

29.3 ± 3.4

31.0 ± 4.9

0.355

31.8 ± 5.8

30.8 ± 4.8

0.692

 CHA2DS2-VASc score

2 [1–3]

3 [1–4]

2 [1–3]

0.412

2 [0–3]

2 [1–3]

0.655

 Left ventricular ejection fraction, %

54.7 ± 8.7

56.9 ± 11.5

54.1 ± 7.8

0.437

54.5 ± 11.1

54.0 ± 7.0

0.893

 History of previous PVI

12 (34)

1 (13)

11 (41)

0.216

4 (67)

7 (33)

0.187

 Days from MRI to ablation, days

19 [14–23]

··

··

··

··

··

··

Global LA information

 LA volume, ml

132 [113–173]

116 [102–135]

140 [117–176]

0.132

138 [122–145]

140 [115–181]

0.977

 FF in the LA, %

16 ± 6

19 ± 6

15 ± 6

0.091

21 ± 7

13 ± 5

0.004*

 The number of LA-LRs

3 [2–4]

5 [3–5]

3 [2–4]

0.019*

4 [3,4]

2 [2,3]

0.018*

Local substrate features

 LAPW volume, cm3

2.94 ± 0.85

2.78 ± 0.83

2.99 ± 0.86

0.551

··

··

··

 FF within LAPW, %

9 [6–16]

21 [10–28]

8 [4–13]

0.009*

··

··

··

 Proportion of high FE locations within LAPW, %

50 ± 23

66 ± 13

45 ± 24

0.028*

··

··

··

 ≥ 10% LVA at LAPW

4 (12)

1 (13)

3 (12)

1.000

··

··

··

 PV antrums volume, cm3

2.66 ± 1.19

··

··

··

2.66 ± 1.92

2.71 ± 1.08

0.935

 FF within PV antrums, %

20 [11–26]

··

··

··

28 [18–50]

17 [10–21]

0.157

 Proportion of high FE locations within PV antrums, %

51 ± 16

··

··

··

51 ± 19

48 ± 15

0.659

  1. Values are the mean ± S.D., the median [Q1-Q3] or n (%).
  2. *p < 0.05, statistically significant.
  3. DT digital twin, FE fibrosis entropy, FF fibrosis fraction, IO-PVI individual ostial PVI, LA left atrial, LAPW LA posterior wall, PWI + PVI LAPW isolation plus WA-PVI, LVA low-voltage area, LRs locations of reentry, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, PV pulmonary vein, PVI PV isolation, WA-PVI wide antral PVI.
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