Table 3 Comparison between the percentage of time in range 3.9–10.0 mmol/l at the beginning (weeks 1–2) and end (weeks 15–16) of the AID + ABC intervention, stratified by baseline glycated haemoglobin

From: Human-machine co-adaptation to automated insulin delivery: a randomised clinical trial using digital twin technology

Baseline glycated haemoglobin

Percent time in range 3.9–10.0 mmol/l weeks 1–2 of study

Percent time in range 3.9–10.0 mmol/l weeks 15–16 of study

Mean difference [confidence interval]

p value

≥7.5 percent (N = 12)

59.40 (9.96)

65.07 (5.21)

5.68 [−0.07, 11.42]

0.05

≥7 percent, <7.5 percent (N = 15)

69.92 (9.25)

74.50 (8.96)

4.58 [0.81, 7.65]

0.02

≥6.5 percent, <7 percent (N = 24)

77.25 (9.12)

77.92 (7.62)

0.67 [−2.86, 4.12]

0.70

<6.5 percent (N = 21)

83.06 (10.45)

84.26 (9.49)

1.21 [−2.58, 4.99]

0.51

  1. Time in range is reported as mean (standard deviation)
  2. The improvement in TIR is higher for those at higher baseline glycated haemoglobin values.
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