Fig. 3: Disease prevalence within male clusters.

The disease prevalence across clusters in 2,645,250 males from CPRD. The heatmap colour indicates the cluster-weighted frequency (c-DF-IPF) of each LTC, with red indicating higher frequency. The symbols within each cell are indicators of the Z-score difference between observed and expected disease frequency from 1-vs-all Chi-squared testing (++ ≥ 50, 50> + ≥10, - - ≤ −50, −50< − ≤−10). LB low burden, CM cardiometabolic, MH mental health, MIX mixed, RES respiratory.