Table 1 Patient characteristics of the supervised learning cohort

From: Deep learning on routine full-breast mammograms enhances lymph node metastasis prediction in early breast cancer

Variables/Predictors

All (n = 1162)

Node negative (n = 814)

Node positive (n = 348)

p value

Effect size

Age, years, mean(SD)

62.8 (±11.7)

63.7 (±11.3)

60.9 (±12.5)

<0.001

−0.237d

 Missing

0

0

0

BMI, mean(SD)

26.5 (±4.8)

26.6 (±4.7)

26.3 (±5.1)

0.489

−0.047d

 Missing

37

24

13

Menopausal status, No. (%)

 Postmenopausal

910 (82)

660 (85)

250 (75)

<0.001

0.116V

 Premenopausal

201 (18)

118 (15)

83 (25)

 Missing

51

36

15

Mode of detection, No. (%)

 Symptomatic

457 (39)

277 (34)

180 (52)

<0.001

0.166V

 Mammographic

705 (61)

537 (66)

168 (48)

 Missing

0

0

0

Histological type, No. (%)

 NST

908 (78)

623 (77)

285 (82)

0.035

0.054V

 ILC

150 (13)

107 (13)

43 (12)

 Others

104 (9)

84 (10)

20 (6)

 Missing

0

0

0

Histological grade, No. (%)

 I

287 (25)

216 (27)

71 (20)

0.020

0.058V

 II

551 (48)

385 (48)

166 (48)

 III

312 (27)

202 (25)

110 (32)

 Missing

12

11

1

ER status, No. (%)

 Negative

89 (8)

72 (9)

17 (5)

0.019

0.069V

 Positive

1069 (92)

738 (91)

331 (95)

 Missing

4

4

0

PgR status, No. (%)

 Negative

179 (15)

140 (17)

39 (11)

0.009

0.077V

 Positive

979 (85)

670 (83)

309 (89)

 Missing

4

4

0

HER2 status, No. (%)

 Negative

983 (89)

695 (90)

288 (88)

0.514

0.020V

 Positive

118 (11)

80 (10)

38 (12)

 Missing

61

39

22

Ki67 status, No. (%)

 Negative

595 (53)

435 (55)

160 (48)

0.019

0.070V

 Positive

525 (47)

350 (45)

175 (52)

 Missing

42

29

13

St Gallen surrogate molecular subtype, No. (%)

 LumA

639 (59)

462 (61)

177 (55)

0.004

0.064V

 LumB

261 (24)

165 (22)

96 (30)

 HER2+

118 (11)

80 (10)

38 (12)

 TNBC

67 (6)

56 (7)

11 (3)

 Missing

77

51

26

Variables/Outcomes

Tumor size, mm, mean(SD)

15.6 (±8.1)

14.2 (±7.6)

18.9 (±8.2)

<0.001

0.580d

 Missing

0

0

0

Multifocality of invasive foci, No. (%)

 No

886 (76)

656 (81)

230 (66)

<0.001

0.156V

 Yes

276 (24)

158 (19)

118 (34)

 Missing

0

0

0

LVI status, No. (%)

 Negative

845 (83)

651 (89)

194 (67)

<0.001

0.264V

 Positive

172 (17)

78 (11)

94 (33)

 Missing

145

85

60

No. LNMs, mean(SD)

0.7 (±1.9)

0.0 (±0.0)

2.4 (±2.8)

<0.001

1.274d

 Missing

0

0

0

  1. Comparisons were made between patients with or without lymph node metastasis (LNM). The significance level was set at p = 0.05, and a nontrivial effect size was defined as Cohen’s ∣d∣ ≥ 0.50 for continuous variables and as Cramer’s ∣V∣ ≥ 0.30, ≥0.21 and ≥0.17 for categorical variables with 1, 2, and 3 degrees of freedom, respectively.
  2. NST no special type, ILC invasive lobular carcinoma, LumA luminal A-like, LumB luminal B-like, TNBC triple negative breast cancer, LVI lymphovascular invasion, No. LNMs number of LNMs.
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