Table 4 Retrieval performance metrics across modalities and fusion methods

Modality	Samples	P@5	P@10	P@20	Clustering	Retrieval	Failure%
					AMI	AMI@10
*Individual modalities*
Clinical	10,857	0.976	0.964	0.947	0.702	0.868	3.6
Molecular	13,804	0.392	0.350	0.310	0.249	0.232	65.0
Radiology	1149	0.373	0.343	0.310	0.228	0.272	66.1
Pathology reports	10,857	0.746	0.703	0.651	0.341	0.585	29.7
Whole slide images	8060	0.155	0.143	0.132	0.056	0.041	85.7
*Multimodal fusion*
Concatenation	11,341	0.504	0.461	0.418	0.347	0.408	53.9
Mean pooling	11,341	0.492	0.446	0.403	0.336	0.382	55.4
Kronecker product	11,341	0.284	0.269	0.253	0.320	0.320	73.1

Results show precision@k values, clustering and retrieval-based AMI, and failure rates for cancer-type similarity retrieval. Bold text: best performance and underline: second-best.

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