Table 1 Pre-operative demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing arteriovenous access creation with and without 1-year successful clinical use of the index access for hemodialysis

Age, years, mean (SD)

62.6 (14.6)

61.2 (14.7)

< 0.001

Female

14,228 (45.4)

11,853 (41.9)

< 0.001

BMI, kg/m², mean (SD)

30.4 (8.4)

29.7 (7.8)

< 0.001

Race

 American Indian or Alaskan Native

383 (1.2)

416 (1.5)

< 0.001

 Asian

871 (2.8)

1,078 (3.8)

 Black

10,319 (32.9)

10,379 (36.7)

 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

136 (0.4)

130 (0.5)

 White

17,329 (55.2)

13,996 (49.4)

 More than 1 race

173 (0.6)

175 (0.6)

 Unknown/other

2159 (6.9)

2089 (7.4)

Hispanic ethnicity

2595 (8.3)

2952 (10.4)

< 0.001

 Medicare

17,080 (54.5)

15,052 (53.2)

< 0.001

 Medicaid

3592 (11.5)

3500 (12.4)

 Commercial

8678 (27.7)

7993 (28.2)

 Military/Veterans Affairs

272 (0.9)

192 (0.7)

 Non-US Insurance

507 (1.6)

378 (1.3)

 Self-pay (uninsured)

589 (1.9)

610 (2.2)

 Unknown/other

652 (2.1)

579 (2.1)

Rural residence

881 (2.8)

728 (2.6)

0.08

Area Deprivation Index percentile, median (IQR)

58 (36 – 78)

58 (33 – 80)

0.15

 Hospital outpatient

24,784 (79.0)

22,147 (78.2)

< 0.001

 Hospital inpatient

5457 (17.4)

4614 (16.3)

 Ambulatory center

1093 (3.5)

1491 (5.3)

 Office

32 (0.1)

47 (0.2)

 Not reported

4 (0.01)

5 (0.02)

 From another hospital

498 (1.6)

307 (1.1)

< 0.001

 From rehabilitation unit

190 (0.6)

121 (0.4)

 Never

15,067 (48.0)

14,173 (50.1)

< 0.001

 Prior

11,746 (37.4)

10,070 (35.6)

 Current

4,557 (14.5)

4,061 (14.3)

Hypertension

29,382 (93.7)

26,637 (94.1)

< 0.001

Diabetes

19,141 (61.0)

17,127 (60.5)

< 0.001

Coronary artery disease

8091 (25.8)

6575 (23.2)

< 0.001

Prior coronary artery bypass

3234 (10.3)

2594 (9.2)

< 0.001

Prior percutaneous coronary intervention

4084 (13.0)

3310 (11.7)

< 0.001

Congestive heart failure

9947 (31.7)

8543 (30.2)

< 0.001

Dysrhythmia

2349 (7.5)

1458 (5.2)

< 0.001

 Not treated

1134 (3.6)

1013 (3.6)

< 0.001

 On medications

3780 (12.0)

2825 (10.0)

 On home oxygen

1305 (4.2)

851 (3.0)

Peripheral artery disease

24,148 (77.0)

22,957 (81.1)

< 0.001

 Past

474 (1.5)

425 (1.5)

0.001

 Current

197 (0.6)

116 (0.4)

 HIV+

287 (0.9)

289 (1.0)

< 0.001

 HIV+ with current infection

53 (0.2)

78 (0.3)

 1

4 (0.01)

5 (0.02)

< 0.001

 2

4 (0.01)

8 (0.03)

 3

118 (0.4)

63 (0.2)

 4

2266 (7.2)

1259 (4.5)

 5

28,978 (92.4)

26,969 (95.3)

 Pre-dialysis

11,648 (37.1)

7548 (26.7)

< 0.001

 On hemodialysis

19,347 (61.7)

20,485 (72.4)

 On peritoneal dialysis

176 (0.6)

117 (0.4)

 Functioning transplant, never on dialysis

133 (0.4)

110 (0.4)

 Functioning transplant, previously on dialysis

56 (0.2)

29 (0.1)

 Not reported

10 (0.03)

15 (0.05)

 1

77 (0.2)

44 (0.2)

< 0.001

 2

888 (2.8)

819 (2.9)

 3

18,295 (58.3)

16,994 (60.0)

 4

11,976 (38.2)

10,346 (36.6)

 5

26 (0.08)

16 (0.06)

 Not reported

108 (0.3)

85 (0.3)

 Home

29,852 (95.2)

27,267 (96.3)

< 0.001

 Nursing home

1385 (4.4)

926 (3.3)

 Homeless

86 (0.3)

80 (0.3)

 Not reported

47 (0.2)

31 (0.1)

 Ambulatory independently

26,174 (83.4)

23,765 (84.0)

< 0.001

 Ambulatory with assistance

3541 (11.3)

3204 (11.3)

 Wheelchair-dependent

1458 (4.7)

1208 (4.3)

 Bedridden

197 (0.6)

127 (0.4)

Hemoglobin, g/L, mean (SD)

107.0 (44.8)

106.0 (17.5)

< 0.001

Creatinine, umol/L, mean (SD)

408.0 (98.3)

427.0 (93.4)

< 0.001

Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m², mean (SD)

13.1 (1.9)

12.9 (1.5)

< 0.001

Acetylsalicylic acid

4385 (14.0)

3417 (12.1)

< 0.001

P2Y12 antagonist

1145 (3.6)

902 (3.2)

0.005

Statin

6389 (20.4)

4687 (16.6)

< 0.001

Anticoagulant

777 (2.5)

1233 (4.4)

< 0.001

 0

27,782 (88.6)

24,381 (86.1)

< 0.001

 1

2704 (8.6)

2980 (10.5)

 2

675 (2.2)

727 (2.6)

 3

158 (0.5)

157 (0.6)

 4 or more

51 (0.2)

59 (0.2)

 0

29,919 (95.4)

26,761 (94.5)

< 0.001

 1

1155 (3.7)

1193 (4.2)

 2

233 (0.7)

284 (1.0)

 3

39 (0.1)

55 (0.2)

 4 or more

24 (0.08)

11 (0.04)

Previous forearm fistula

2835 (9.0)

3037 (10.7)

< 0.001

Previous upper arm fistula

3093 (9.9)

3313 (11.7)

< 0.001

Previous forearm graft

731 (2.3)

854 (3.0)

< 0.001

Previous upper arm graft

1374 (4.4)

1612 (5.7)

< 0.001

Previous lower extremity AV access

318 (1.0)

360 (1.3)

0.03

Other AV access

1602 (5.1)

1573 (5.6)

0.01

Pre-operative imaging

 Arterial duplex

10,734 (34.2)

10,408 (36.8)

< 0.001

 Arteriogram

428 (1.4)

460 (1.6)

0.009

 Ultrasound vein mapping

26,836 (85.5)

24,354 (86.0)

0.08

 Venogram

2289 (7.3)

3037 (10.7)

< 0.001

Pre-operative target inflow artery diameter, mm, mean (SD)

4.09 (0.41)

4.21 (0.38)

< 0.001

Pre-operative target outflow vein diameter, mm, mean (SD)

3.59 (0.84)

3.74 (0.92)

< 0.001

 AV fistula

24,668 (78.6)

22,903 (80.9)

< 0.001

 AV graft

6700 (21.4)

5401 (19.1)

 Radial

8134 (25.9)

6378 (22.5)

< 0.001

 Ulnar

80 (0.3)

56 (0.2)

 Brachial

21,830 (69.6)

20,361 (71.9)

 Axillary

596 (1.9)

669 (2.4)

 Common femoral

232 (0.7)

260 (0.9)

 Superficial femoral

229 (0.7)

293 (1.0)

 Other

269 (0.9)

287 (1.0)

 Cephalic, forearm

13,789 (44.0)

11,819 (41.8)

< 0.001

 Cephalic, upper arm

3711 (11.5)

3216 (11.4)

 Basilic, forearm

1309 (4.2)

935 (3.3)

 Basilic, upper arm

6245 (19.9)

5768 (20.4)

 Brachial

1346 (4.3)

1339 (4.7)

 Axillary

3717 (11.8)

3914 (13.8)

 Saphenous

96 (0.3)

115 (0.4)

 Femoral

374 (1.2)

435 (1.5)

 Other

783 (2.5)

763 (2.7)

Pre-operative endovascular arterial intervention (angioplasty/stent) to treat inflow stenosis

193 (0.6)

205 (0.7)

0.11

Pre-operative endovascular venous intervention (angioplasty/stent) to treat outflow stenosis

418 (1.3)

436 (1.5)

0.04