Fig. 5: Pain intensity ratings across 12 training sessions for both groups.

Mean and standard deviation (SD) of pain ratings before (“Prior”) and after (“Post”) each of the 12 VR training sessions, measured using the 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS; 0 = no pain, 10 = maximum pain). Across sessions, pain levels remained stable, with no consistent intra-session differences and no clear trend toward worsening or improvement. The intervention group reported slightly higher average pain ratings than the control group throughout, although not statistically significant.