Fig. 5: NASA-TLX Assessment of Operator Workload in Teleopetaed Peg Transfer Task. | npj Digital Medicine

Fig. 5: NASA-TLX Assessment of Operator Workload in Teleopetaed Peg Transfer Task.

From: Enhancing telesurgical safety with predictive digital twin synchronization: a framework for latency compensation in robotic surgery

Fig. 5: NASA-TLX Assessment of Operator Workload in Teleopetaed Peg Transfer Task.

a Total NASA-TLX workload scores across latency gradients with/without DTVA. NASA-TLX evaluations demonstrated that the DTVA system significantly redefined the relationship between latency and operator workload, even decoupling high latency from operator workload such that task demands remained manageable under prolonged latency. Data expressed as mean ± SD. b Radar plot of NASA-TLX subdimension scores across latency gradients with/without DTVA. The values closer to the center indicate lower task load. Data expressed as mean ± SD. The shaded area is formed by connecting error bars representing the standard deviation.

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