Fig. 6: NASA-TLX assessment of operator workload in teleopetaed peg transfer task. | npj Digital Medicine

Fig. 6: NASA-TLX assessment of operator workload in teleopetaed peg transfer task.

From: Enhancing telesurgical safety with predictive digital twin synchronization: a framework for latency compensation in robotic surgery

Fig. 6: NASA-TLX assessment of operator workload in teleopetaed peg transfer task.

NASA-TLX Subdimensional Workload Profiling across latency gradients with/without DTVA. Subdimensional analysis demonstrated DTVA’s latency-dependent workload regulation. At 300 ms, Mental Demand and Effort decreased, remaining within comfort thresholds. At 600 ms, all subdimensions stayed below compensatory thresholds. Under 900 ms, DTVA maintained subcritical Frustration and optimized performance despite extreme temporal demand. Data expressed as mean ± SD.

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