Fig. 6: 10X visium spatial transcriptomics profiling of high_La and low_La LUAD tissues.

a UMAP visualization showing bin clustering from high-/low-lactate (High_La/Low_La) LUAD tissues in spatial transcriptomics dataset. b UMAP plot illustrating the spatial distribution of eight distinct cell types in LUAD tissues, annotated via label transfer from single-cell RNA-sequencing data. c Spatial distribution of eight distinct cell types in LUAD tissues. d Percentage of each cell types in high-/low-lactate LUAD tissues in spatial transcriptomics dataset. e Volcano plots highlighting DEGs (adjusted p < 0.01, |log₂FC | > 1.5) in specific cell types between high- and low-lactate LUAD tissues. Top 10 enriched pathways of upregulated (f) and downregulated (g) genes in endothelial cells, based on the intersection of scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics datasets.