Table 1 Comparison with state-of-the-art methods across five datasets (Kvasir-SEG, CVC-ClinicDB, ColonDB, EndoScene, ETIS)

U-Net¹⁶

24.56

38.26

81.86 ± _0.42

74.61 ± _0.45

68.42 ± _0.58

82.33 ± _0.40

75.56 ± _0.43

69.16 ± _0.55

51.21 ± _0.85

44.46 ± _0.88

38.58 ± _1.10

71.08 ± _0.52

62.61 ± _0.55

58.28 ± _0.68

39.80 ± _0.95

33.58 ± _0.98

28.48 ± _1.20

UNet++¹⁷

25.09

84.30

82.11 ± _0.40

74.31 ± _0.43

69.10 ± _0.55

79.49 ± _0.41

72.94 ± _0.44

67.82 ± _0.58

48.39 ± _0.82

41.08 ± _0.85

36.24 ± _1.05

70.76 ± _0.50

62.49 ± _0.53

58.08 ± _0.65

46.18 ± _0.88

34.49 ± _0.92

32.12 ± _1.15

SFA³⁶

–

–

72.33 ± _0.55

61.13 ± _0.58

58.38 ± _0.70

70.00 ± _0.52

60.73 ± _0.56

56.48 ± _0.68

46.97 ± _0.90

34.77 ± _0.95

33.18 ± _1.25

46.79 ± _0.75

32.96 ± _0.78

30.58 ± _0.95

29.73 ± _1.10

21.74 ± _1.15

18.91 ± _1.30

ACSNet³⁷

46.02

29.45

89.87 ± _0.20

83.03 ± _0.22

79.55 ± _0.30

88.09 ± _0.21

82.64 ± _0.23

78.28 ± _0.32

71.62 ± _0.45

64.99 ± _0.48

59.47 ± _0.60

86.30 ± _0.25

78.79 ± _0.28

75.11 ± _0.35

57.98 ± _0.65

50.05 ± _0.68

45.35 ± _0.80

PraNet⁷

32.50

221.90

89.84 ± _0.18

84.08 ± _0.20

80.22 ± _0.28

89.90 ± _0.19

84.95 ± _0.21

81.51 ± _0.29

70.95 ± _0.42

64.08 ± _0.45

58.83 ± _0.58

87.16 ± _0.22

79.70 ± _0.25

76.44 ± _0.33

62.84 ± _0.60

56.75 ± _0.63

51.24 ± _0.75

SANet³⁸

–

–

90.44 ± _0.16

86.47 ± _0.18

82.12 ± _0.25

93.74 ± _0.15

88.96 ± _0.17

85.36 ± _0.24

75.35 ± _0.38

67.08 ± _0.40

62.12 ± _0.52

88.85 ± _0.20

81.57 ± _0.22

78.25 ± _0.30

75.08 ± _0.55

65.42 ± _0.58

60.59 ± _0.70

TransFuse²⁴

115.59

38.73

91.89 ± _0.12

86.85 ± _0.14

83.43 ± _0.20

93.48 ± _0.11

88.69 ± _0.13

85.13 ± _0.19

74.43 ± _0.35

67.63 ± _0.38

61.84 ± _0.48

90.42 ± _0.15

83.86 ± _0.18

80.54 ± _0.25

73.72 ± _0.50

66.15 ± _0.53

61.21 ± _0.65

TransUNet³⁹

105.28

24.66

91.34 ± _0.14

85.70 ± _0.16

82.51 ± _0.22

93.56 ± _0.12

88.79 ± _0.14

84.98 ± _0.20

78.14 ± _0.32

69.99 ± _0.35

64.29 ± _0.45

89.30 ± _0.18

82.47 ± _0.20

79.11 ± _0.28

73.11 ± _0.48

66.08 ± _0.50

59.82 ± _0.62

HarDNet–MSEG⁴⁰

33.80

192.74

92.12 ± _0.11

85.97 ± _0.13

83.20 ± _0.19

93.27 ± _0.10

88.25 ± _0.12

84.80 ± _0.18

73.16 ± _0.33

66.09 ± _0.36

60.55 ± _0.45

90.88 ± _0.14

83.29 ± _0.16

80.14 ± _0.24

77.78 ± _0.45

69.02 ± _0.48

63.46 ± _0.58

DS–TransUNet⁴¹

177.44

30.97

93.44 ± _0.09

88.82 ± _0.11

85.61 ± _0.17

93.83 ± _0.09

89.13 ± _0.10

86.22 ± _0.16

79.83 ± _0.28

71.72 ± _0.31

66.31 ± _0.40

90.06 ± _0.12

82.84 ± _0.14

80.45 ± _0.22

77.09 ± _0.42

69.01 ± _0.45

64.13 ± _0.55

SwinE-Net⁴²

–

–

92.08 ± _0.10

87.04 ± _0.12

84.54 ± _0.18

93.87 ± _0.09

89.20 ± _0.11

86.59 ± _0.17

80.44 ± _0.26

72.51 ± _0.29

67.17 ± _0.38

90.63 ± _0.13

84.09 ± _0.15

81.27 ± _0.23

75.87 ± _0.40

68.75 ± _0.43

62.88 ± _0.53

Polyp-PVT²¹

–

–

91.77 ± _0.10

86.44 ± _0.12

83.82 ± _0.18

93.73 ± _0.09

88.90 ± _0.11

85.71 ± _0.17

80.69 ± _0.25

72.78 ± _0.28

67.48 ± _0.36

90.08 ± _0.12

83.31 ± _0.15

80.39 ± _0.22

78.77 ± _0.38

70.67 ± _0.41

65.22 ± _0.50

CaraNet⁴³

46.64

21.69

91.80 ± _0.11

86.61 ± _0.13

83.55 ± _0.20

93.62 ± _0.10

88.83 ± _0.12

85.50 ± _0.18

77.35 ± _0.29

68.91 ± _0.32

63.26 ± _0.42

90.31 ± _0.14

83.31 ± _0.16

80.64 ± _0.24

74.71 ± _0.42

67.20 ± _0.45

61.56 ± _0.56

ColonFormer⁴⁴

52.94

22.94

92.42 ± _0.08

87.66 ± _0.10

85.11 ± _0.16

94.01 ± _0.08

89.70 ± _0.10

86.84 ± _0.15

81.14 ± _0.24

73.33 ± _0.27

68.51 ± _0.35

90.67 ± _0.11

84.21 ± _0.13

81.05 ± _0.20

80.13 ± _0.35

72.21 ± _0.38

66.81 ± _0.48

SegT⁴⁵

–

–

92.77 ± _0.07

88.01 ± _0.09

85.58 ± _0.15

94.02 ± _0.07

89.74 ± _0.09

87.18 ± _0.14

81.43 ± _0.23

73.07 ± _0.26

68.84 ± _0.34

89.54 ± _0.11

82.88 ± _0.13

79.59 ± _0.21

81.03 ± _0.32

73.26 ± _0.35

67.54 ± _0.45

Polyper (final)²⁵

29.11

43.54

94.87 ± _0.05

90.30 ± _0.07

88.24 ± _0.12

94.48 ± _0.05

89.89 ± _0.08

87.51 ± _0.11

83.73 ± _0.18

74.56 ± _0.21

70.12 ± _0.28

92.46 ± _0.09

86.70 ± _0.11

83.50 ± _0.16

86.52 ± _0.22

78.52 ± _0.25

78.23 ± _0.32

Prysm-Net (Ours)

34.72

52.87

95.14 ± _0.04

90.93 ± _0.06

89.47 ± _0.11

94.98 ± _0.05

90.31 ± _0.07

88.61 ± _0.10

84.61 ± _0.15

75.89 ± _0.18

71.29 ± _0.24

92.96 ± _0.08

87.39 ± _0.10

84.28 ± _0.13

87.26 ± _0.19

79.69 ± _0.21

79.17 ± _0.29