Fig. 3: Harvest plot of effect directions across outcome domains for AI-enhanced dysphagia interventions. | npj Digital Medicine

Fig. 3: Harvest plot of effect directions across outcome domains for AI-enhanced dysphagia interventions.

From: Human–AI collaboration for dysphagia rehabilitation from effectiveness to implementation complexity: a systematic review

Fig. 3: Harvest plot of effect directions across outcome domains for AI-enhanced dysphagia interventions.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Each bar represents one study, categorised by outcome domain (A: clinical swallowing; B: physiology/strength; C: quality of life [QoL]/patient-reported outcome measures [PROMs]; D: adherence/feasibility) and study design (RCT vs. non-RCT). Bar height encodes sample size (tall: n ≥ 60; medium: 30 ≤ n < 60; short: n < 30), and bar colour encodes the effect direction (green: statistically significant positive effect; yellow: positive trend or mixed results; grey: no difference), and bar pattern fill encodes risk of bias (solid: low risk; hatched: some concerns or moderate risk; open: high risk).

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