Abstract
Sustainability in the Anthropocene requires social cooperation and learning against a backdrop of increasingly complex, polycentric governance. Here, we introduce an institutional navigation framework emphasizing how individuals pursue their policy goals within polycentric sustainability governance. We illustrate the utility of the framework by exploring how actors navigate institutional complexity to increase collective welfare and adaptive capacity in California’s San Francisco Bay, in contrast with protecting self-interest and constraining adaptive capacity on Queensland’s Great Barrier Reef. Our analysis provides: (1) a normative perspective on how institutional navigation may or may not support sustainability; (2) initial theoretical hypotheses about understudied strategies used by policy actors to advance or constrain sustainability; and (3) some practical ideas for policy actors seeking to strategically achieve complex sustainability goals in polycentric systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$32.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles
$119.00 per year
only $9.92 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to the full article PDF.
USD 39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout



Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jordan, A. J. et al. Emergence of polycentric climate governance and its future prospects. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 977–982 (2015).
Galaz, V., Crona, B., Österblom, H., Olsson, P. & Folke, C. Polycentric systems and interacting planetary boundaries—emerging governance of climate change–ocean acidification–marine biodiversity. Ecol. Econ. 81, 21–32 (2012).
Ostrom, E. Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Glob. Environ. Change 20, 550–557 (2010).
Cash, D. W. et al. Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8086–8091 (2003).
DeWitte, S. N., Kurth, M. H., Allen, C. R. & Linkov, I. Disease epidemics: lessons for resilience in an increasingly connected world. J. Public Health 39, 254–257 (2016).
Lieberman, E. S. The perils of polycentric governance of infectious disease in South Africa. Soc. Sci. Med. 73, 676–684 (2011).
Morin, J.-F., Dür, A. & Lechner, L. Mapping the trade and environment nexus: insights from a new data set. Glob. Environ. Politics 18, 122–139 (2018).
Frank, A. B. et al. Dealing with femtorisks in international relations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 17356–17362 (2014).
Dietz, T., Ostrom, E. & Stern, P. C. The struggle to govern the commons. Science 302, 1907–1912 (2003).
Berkes, F., Colding, J. & Folke, C. Navigating Social–Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008).
Olsson, P., Folke, C. & Hughes, T. P. Navigating the transition to ecosystem-based management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 9489–9494 (2008).
Lubell, M. Governing institutional complexity: the ecology of games framework. Policy Stud. J. 41, 537–559 (2013).
Biggs, R., Schlüter, M. & Schoon, M. L. Principles for Building Resilience: Sustaining Ecosystem Services in Social–Ecological Systems (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2015).
Steffen, W. et al. Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 8252–8259 (2018).
Berardo, R. & Lubell, M.Understanding what shapes a polycentric governance system. Public Adm. Rev. 76, 738–751 (2016).
Cole, D. H. Advantages of a polycentric approach to climate change policy. Nat. Clim. Change 5, 114–118 (2015).
Morrison, T. H. et al. The black box of power in polycentric environmental governance. Glob. Environ. Change 57, 101934 (2019).
Aligica, P. D. & Tarko, V. Polycentricity: from Polanyi to Ostrom, and beyond. Governance 25, 237–262 (2012).
Pralle, S. B. Venue shopping, political strategy, and policy change: the internationalization of Canadian forest advocacy. J. Public Policy 23, 233–260 (2003).
Mintrom, M.Policy entrepreneurs and the diffusion of innovation. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 41, 738–770 (1997).
Scharpf, F. W. Games Real Actors Play: Actor-Centered Institutionalism in Policy Research (Westview Press, 1997).
Jordan, A., Huitema, D., Van Asselt, H. & Forster, J. Governing Climate Change: Polycentricity in Action? (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2018).
Herrfahrdt-Pähle, E. et al. Sustainability transformations: socio-political shocks as opportunities for governance transitions. Glob. Environ. Change 63, 102097 (2020).
North, D. C. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990).
Ostrom, E. Governing the Commons (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990).
Anderies, J. M., Janssen, M. A. & Ostrom, E. A framework to analyze the robustness of social–ecological systems from an institutional perspective. Ecol. Soc. 9, 18 (2004).
Ostrom, E. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social–ecological systems. Science 325, 419–422 (2009).
Baumgartner, Frank. R. & Jones, B. D. Agendas and Instability in American Politics (Univ. Chicago Press, 2009).
Fischer, M. & Leifeld, P. Policy forums: why do they exist and what are they used for? Policy Sci. 48, 363–382 (2015).
Sabatier, P. A. & Jenkins-Smith, H. Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach (Westview, 1993).
Lubell, M. The Governance Gap: Climate Adaptation and Sea-Level Rise in the San Francisco Bay Area (Univ. California, Davis, 2017).
Lubell, M., Robins, G. & Wang, P. Network structure and institutional complexity in an ecology of water management games. Ecol. Soc. 19, 23 (2014).
Morrison, T. H. et al. Political dynamics and governance of World Heritage ecosystems. Nat. Sustain. 3, 947–955 (2020).
Morrison, T. H. Evolving polycentric governance of the Great Barrier Reef. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, E3013–E3021 (2017).
Gray, S. et al. Purpose, processes, partnerships, and products: four Ps to advance participatory socio-environmental modeling. Ecol. Appl. 28, 46–61 (2018).
Cairney, P. The Politics of Evidence-Based Policy Making (Springer, 2016).
Gormley, W. T. Regulatory issue networks in a federal system. Polity 18, 595–620 (1986).
Young, O. R. Political leadership and regime formation: on the development of institutions in international society. Int. Organ. 45, 281–308 (1991).
Henry, A. D., Lubell, M. & McCoy, M. Belief systems and social capital as drivers of policy network structure: the case of California regional planning. J. Public Adm. Res. Theory 21, 419–444 (2011).
Robins, G., Bates, L. & Pattison, P. Network governance and environmental management: conflict and cooperation. Public Adm. 89, 1293–1313 (2011).
Berardo, R. & Scholz, J. T. Self-organizing policy networks: risk, partner selection, and cooperation in estuaries. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 54, 632–649 (2010).
Silvia, C. Picking the team: a preliminary experimental study of the activation of collaborative network members. J. Public Adm. Res. Theory 28, 120–137 (2018).
Axelrod, R. The Evolution of Cooperation (Basic Books, 1984).
Lyon, F. Trust, networks and norms: the creation of social capital in agricultural economies in Ghana. World Dev. 28, 663–681 (2000).
Hardin, R. The street-level epistemology of trust. Polit. Soc. 21, 505–529 (1993).
Levi, M. & Stoker, L. Political trust and trustworthiness. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 3, 475–507 (2000).
Berardo, R. Bridging and bonding capital in two‐mode collaboration networks. Policy Stud. J. 42, 197–225 (2014).
Wesselink, A., Paavola, J., Fritsch, O. & Renn, O. Rationales for public participation in environmental policy and governance: practitioners’ perspectives. Environ. Plan. A 43, 2688–2704 (2011).
Mewhirter, J., Lubell, M. & Berardo, R. Institutional externalities and actor performance in polycentric governance systems. Environ. Policy Gov. 28, 295–307 (2018).
Bednar, J. & Page, S. Can game(s) theory explain culture? The emergence of cultural behavior within multiple games. Ration. Soc. 19, 65–97 (2007).
Termeer, C. J. & Dewulf, A. A small wins framework to overcome the evaluation paradox of governing wicked problems. Policy Soc. 38, 298–314 (2019).
Gurerk, O., Irlenbusch, B. & Rockenbach, B. The competitive advantage of sanctioning institutions. Science 312, 108–111 (2006).
Wurzel, R. K., Liefferink, D. & Torney, D. Pioneers, Leaders and Followers in Multilevel and Polycentric Climate Governance (Routledge, 2019).
Lubell, M., Mewhirter, J. M., Berardo, R. & Scholz, J. T. Transaction costs and the perceived effectiveness of complex institutional systems. Public Adm. Rev. 77, 668–680 (2017).
Institutional Rational Choice: An Assessment of the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework (Westview Press, 2007).
Lubell, M. Collaborative environmental institutions: all talk and no action? J. Policy Anal. Manag. 23, 549–573 (2004).
Morrison, T. H. et al. Advancing coral reef governance into the Anthropocene. One Earth 2, 64–74 (2020).
Newig, J. Symbolic environmental legislation and societal self-deception. Environ. Polit. 16, 276–296 (2007).
Morrison, T. H. in Contested Country—Local and Regional Natural Resources Management in Australia 227–240 (CSIRO Publishing, 2009).
Bell, J. et al. Maps, laws and planning policy: working with biophysical and spatial uncertainty in the case of sea level rise. Environ. Sci. Policy 44, 247–257 (2014).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the US National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC) under funding received from the US National Science Foundation DBI-1639145, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (ARC CoE CRS) under funding received from the Australian Research Council CE-140100020 and National Science Foundation Critical Resilient Interdependent Infrastructure Systems and Processes grant number 1541056.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
M.L. co-wrote the article and conducted the case study research in SFB. T.H.M. co-wrote the article and conducted the case study research in the GBR. Both authors contributed equally to writing and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Peer review information Nature Sustainability thanks Paul Cairney and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lubell, M., Morrison, T.H. Institutional navigation for polycentric sustainability governance. Nat Sustain 4, 664–671 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00707-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00707-5
This article is cited by
-
Anthropogenic impacts on the Yellow River Basin
Nature Reviews Earth & Environment (2025)
-
Sustainable Energy Transitions and Competing Demands: Lessons from the Bonneville Power Administration
Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports (2025)
-
Social Influence in Social-Ecological Systems: Collaborative Capacity and Inter-Organizational Networks in the U.S. Sagebrush
Environmental Management (2025)
-
Collaborative bottom-up Trust Missions: a perspective on long-term strategies with and for people and Nature
npj Ocean Sustainability (2025)
-
Cities incorporate equity in their climate policies but overlook procedural justice in decision-making
Nature Cities (2024)


