Fig. 6: Differences in ecological outcomes under ‘variable’ and ‘uniform’ set-aside approaches.
From: Enhancing the ecological value of oil palm agriculture through set-asides
a–c, Possible net percentage gains in net occurrence in set-aside from adopting the ‘variable’ approach at 70 (a), 85 (b) and 90% (c) landscape cultivation compared to the ‘uniform’ approach, for landscape cultivated, biodiversity (mean net species occurrence), above-ground carbon storage and dung nutrient cycling. Under the ‘uniform’ approach, all plantations in the landscape apply the same riparian reserve width and maximum slope for cultivation, whereas they can vary between plantations under the ‘variable’ approach. d,e, Difference between approaches at the ‘maximum efficient’ level (85% of the landscape cultivated) in terms of relative percentage occurrence in set-aside by species/service/function (d) and by taxa/service/function (e). For boxplots in e: bold horizonal line, median; box, 25th and 75th percentiles; whiskers, largest and smallest values within 1.5 times the interquartile range. Biodiversity (including taxa in e) based on 247 species (150 birds, 21 bats, 19 non-volant mammals and 57 dung beetles). Animal silhouettes were reproduced from https://en.silhouette-ac.com/.
