Extended Data Fig. 1: Increasing tanker water transport distances.
Circles display the average simulated tanker water transport distances at the map scale for the years (a) 2015 and (b) 2050, weighted by the sales quantity, based on a baseline JWM-T simulation. The coloration of each subdistrict reflects the total annual tanker water quantity sold. The average transport distance almost doubles from 13.1 to 19.9 km one-way between 2015 and 2050, corresponding to an average 39.8 km round trip for each delivery, raising the energy requirement from about 17.6 kWh per m3 to about 26.8 kWh per m3 (see Methods, Energy use and comparison of water supply modes). Transport distances see an especially pronounced increase in the mountainous Northwestern corner of Jordan, which is surrounded by deep valleys to the north and west, and other high-demand urban centers to the south and east. In Amman, this distance even grows from 13.1 to 25.5 km, corresponding to an average travel distance of 51 km per round trip for each delivery and an estimated 34.3 kWh per m3. Map data include World Hillshade tiles by Esri, USGS, Airbus DS, NGA, NASA, CGIAR, N Robinson, NCEAS, NLS, OS, NMA, Geodatastyrelsen, Rijkswaterstaat, GSA, Geoland, FEMA, Intermap, and the GIS user community. Credit: basemaps, ESRI and contributors.
