Fig. 5: Reaction pathways.
From: Efficient methane oxidation to formaldehyde via photon–phonon cascade catalysis
a, Methane oxidation performance by photocatalysis, thermocatalysis and photon–phonon-driven cascade catalysis. The error bars were obtained from three independent reactions. The data are presented as mean values ± standard error of the mean. b, Photocatalytic methane conversion over 0.5Ru-ZnO first at 30 °C under light irradiation and then kept at 150 °C in the dark for 1 h. The following reaction conditions were used: 10 mg photocatalysts, 180 ml water, 20 bar CH4, 0.75 bar O2, 365 nm LED (75 mW cm−2, illumination area of 12.56 cm2)/without light, 1 h reaction. c, Reaction path for methane oxidation over RuSA-ZnO (red curve) and Ru-nanoparticle-decorated ZnO (RuNPs-ZnO, blue curve). The potential energy (eV) denotes the energy associated with different intermediates in the reaction. d, The proposed reaction pathways of photon–phonon-driven cascade catalysis for methane oxidation to HCHO. ad., adsorbed.
