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Driving a green energy transition with halide perovskite solar cells

Nature Sustainability (2026) Cite this article

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Abstract

Halide perovskites have revolutionized photovoltaics, achieving efficiencies that rival those of crystalline silicon. However, as the technology nears industrialization, the focus must shift from power conversion efficiency to the holistic pillars of reliability, scalability and circularity. This Review evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of large-scale perovskite manufacturing, appraising ecological impacts across the entire life cycle. We analyse the chemical precursor landscape, device architecture scaling and fail-safe strategies for contaminant control. By synthesizing environmental, health and economic dimensions, we provide a strategic roadmap to ensure that perovskites serve as a sustainable cornerstone of the global energy transition, aligning laboratory breakthroughs with long-term industrial viability.

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Fig. 1: General prospects of halide PSCs facilitating the global green energy transition.
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Fig. 2: Two major developing directions for the manufacturing and deployment of PSCs.
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Fig. 3: Representative strategies for mitigating lead issues during solar cell operation.
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Acknowledgements

Y.Z. and Y.C. acknowledge support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 22220102002, 22025505, 22522903 and 22479098) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (grant number 23ZR1428000). W.Z. thanks the EPSRC standard research (grant number EP/V027131/1) for financial support. N.-G.P. acknowledges financial support from the National Research Foundation of Korea through grants funded by the Korean government (MSIT), specifically under contract number NRF-2021R1A3B1076723 (Research Leader Program).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Yuetian Chen, Meng Ren & Yixin Zhao

  2. Shanghai Non-carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai, China

    Yuetian Chen & Yixin Zhao

  3. SJTU-UNIDO Joint Institute of Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development, School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Xu Tian

  4. Future Photovoltaic Research Center, Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Bowei Li & Yixin Zhao

  5. Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    Wei Zhang

  6. School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

    Nam-Gyu Park

  7. SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

    Nam-Gyu Park

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  1. Yuetian Chen
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Contributions

Y.Z. conceptualized this study. Y.C. and Y.Z. designed the initial structure with discussions and feedback from W.Z. and N.-G.P. Y.C. and M.R. collected information with substantial support from X.T. and B.L. Y.C. and Y.Z. wrote the original draft and illustrated the figures with input from all authors. All authors contributed to the revision of the paper and approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Yixin Zhao.

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Chen, Y., Ren, M., Tian, X. et al. Driving a green energy transition with halide perovskite solar cells. Nat Sustain (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-026-01844-5

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