Table 1 Comparison with previous examples of high-order constellation backscatter

From: A printed millimetre-wave modulator and antenna array for backscatter communications at gigabit data rates

 

Ref. 43

Ref. 1

Ref. 25

Ref. 18

Ref. 19

This work

Frequency

900–930 MHz

900–930 MHz

900–930 MHz

2.45 GHz

2.45 GHz

24–28 GHz

Modulation

4-QAM

16-QAM

4-PAM

16-QAM

16-QAM

16-QAM

Data rate

400 kbps

96 Mbps

100 kbps

120 Mbps

960 Mbps

2 Gbps

Energy per bit (pJ per bit)

12.75

15.5

2.5

6.7

0.061

0.17

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