Fig. 3: TMP-probed AP-XPS studies of N–TiO2 at 270 °C.

a–d, Ti 2p (a), O 1s (b), P 2p (c) and N 1s (d) spectra under different conditions. All spectra were obtained at 270 °C. The measurements began by acquiring the spectra under vacuum in the dark (red line), then 0.2 mbar of TMP vapour was directed into the measurement chamber and the spectra were obtained without (blue line) and with (yellow line) LED white-light irradiation, respectively. Finally, the illumination was turned off again (green line) to ensure there was no permanent change to the material. Deconvoluted XPS components are presented in grey lines and shaded with orange and blue colours for a clearer view.