Fig. 4: Iron speciation under the reaction conditions.

a–i, Time-resolved in situ XANES spectra of xFe–yMn catalysts at the Fe K edge (a,d,g) collected at different temperatures and 15 bar in a CO2:H2:N2 = 1:3:6 feed (Supplementary Fig. 12), evolution of the Fe species determined via LCA analysis of the corresponding XANES spectra (b,e,h) and in situ k2-weighted Fourier-transformed EXAFS spectra (collected after the reaction) in R space (c,f,i) for 10Fe–0Mn (a,b) and 9Fe–1Mn (d,e,g,h). The bars in b, e and h represent the standard error of the weight coefficients obtained from LCA using 64 data points.