Fig. 3: Spectroscopic analysis of the residual Cu2O species.

a–c, NEXAFS spectra (Cu L3 edge) recorded after different stages of the sample preparation, potentiostatic and pulsed CO2RR: as-prepared and working catalyst (a), activated catalyst (b) and working catalyst (c). d, The NEXAFS components corresponding to two different chemical environments extracted from the PCA analysis. e, Composition of the two components, metallic copper and Cu2O, extracted from the PCA depending on the different EC treatments. f, Schematics of the concentration profiles describing the experimental composition in e. The numerical values for the estimated thickness were obtained based on the model described in Supplementary Note 1.