Fig. 2

Yield recovery following biological control in Thailand’s cassava crop over 2009–12. Patterns are reflective of the country-wide cassava mealybug invasion (late 2008 onward) and ensuing biological control campaign. The upper panel reflects annual change in cassava crop yield (for a given year, in % as compared to the previous year) for a select set of provinces. In the lower panel, historical records of P. manihoti spatial distribution and field-level infestation pressure are shown over successive growing seasons (data facilitated through Thai Royal Government - Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives). The infestation scale ranks field-level P. manihoti attacks from low (1) to severe (4). Years indicated in the upper panel also apply to the lower panel. Maps in the upper panel were adapted from Wyckhuys et al.,¹⁸