Fig. 3: Comparison of the MAF of eight independent associated signals in NPC across different ethnic populations.

The other ethnic populations included East Asian, African, American, European, and Ashkenazi Jews from the gnomAD database and a general Chinese cohort from a psoriasis study25. The NPC susceptibility allele is in red, while the multiple NPC protective alleles are in blue. The MAF of the susceptibility rs9391681 for NPC is higher in Hong Kong Chinese and East Asians but extremely rare in the four other non-Asian populations from the gnomAD database. The MAFs of rs2523589, rs9265975, rs2517644, rs9461780, and rs117495548 for NPC are much lower in Hong Kong Chinese and East Asians than other non-Asian populations. Rs28749142 is a tagging SNP of HLA-Aaa-Q62 (R2 = 0.95). The MAF of rs28749142 does not occur as often in Hong Kong Chinese and East Asians, as compared to general Chinese and European populations. HLA-B*55:02 allele frequencies are obtained from the Allele frequency net database (http://www.allelefrequencies.net) for European, North American, South East Asian populations. HLA-B*55:02 allele is more prevalent in Chinese and East Asian populations.