Fig. 1: Physiological and biological adaptations to maternal obesity in F1 offspring is sex-dependent. | Communications Biology

Fig. 1: Physiological and biological adaptations to maternal obesity in F1 offspring is sex-dependent.

From: Obese mother offspring have hepatic lipidic modulation that contributes to sex-dependent metabolic adaptation later in life

Fig. 1

a Schematic overview of the experimental set-up. Dam-F0 were fed either the control diet (CD, yellow arrow) or the high-fat diet (HFD, red arrow) for 6 weeks before mating and continued to receive the same diet during gestation and lactation; male-F0 remained on CD until mating. All female (F, red bars) and male (M, blue bars) offspring remained on CD after weaning. Offspring born from CD mother (C/C, open bars) and HFD mother (HF/C, stripped bars) were monitored at 3 months of age (MID) and 6 months of age (END). Two-way ANOVA statistical comparisons are shown to the right. b Time course body weight (BW) curve in F (red circle; open circle for C/C and full circle in HF/C) and M (blue triangle; open triangle for C/C and full triangle in HF/C) offspring over 6 months after weaning. c MRI images of the lower abdominal region of F and M offspring indicating visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue depots. MRI-based quantification of d total fat (TF), e SAT on TF ratio (SAT:TF), and f VAT on TF ratio (VAT:TF). Time course and area under the curve (AUC) of circulating glucose levels at g MID and j END and insulin levels at h MID and k END, after the glucose load given by gavage. Time course and AUC of circulating glucose levels after insulin injection at i MID and l END. Plasma total m triglycerides (TG) and p cholesterol (Chol); and AUC of n LDL-TG, o HDL-TG, q LDL-Chol, and r HDL-Chol lipoprotein fractions obtained by FPLC. For b C/C F (n = 11) and C/C M (n = 12), for HF/C F (n = 11) and HF/C M (n = 10). For d–f C/C F (n = 6) and C/C M (n = 7), for HF/C F (n = 7) and HF/C M (n = 6). For g–l C/C F (n = 9) and C/C M (n = 8), for HF/C F (n = 10) and HF/C M (n = 7). For m–r n = 7 per group. Data are presented as mean ± sem. Two-way ANOVA (sex (S), mother diet (D), interaction (I) between sex and diet, and (ns) for not significant) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test when significant (p < 0.05). Differences between two groups (sexes, F versus M; maternal diet C/C versus HF/C) were determined by t-test corrected for multiple comparisons using the Holm–Sidak method, with alpha = 5.000%. *M versus F and #HF/C versus C/C, p < 0.05; ** or ##p < 0.01; *** or ###p < 0.001.

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