Fig. 9: An overview of the toxicity mechanism of Jatropha seeds, kernel cake and hydroxy-octadecenoic acids (HOEAs).

Hydroxy-octadecenoic acids is an isomeric mixture of 11-hydroxy-9E-octadecenoic acid, 12-hydroxy-10E-octadecenoic acid and 12-hydroxy-10Z-octadecenoic acid obtained from the kernel cake of Jatropha. ROS short for reactive oxygen species.