Fig. 3: Paternal restraint stress affects the metabolome of Drosophila offspring.

a Schematic diagram of the cross for metabolome analysis. Each genotype of offspring is represented by the same roman numerals and colors in Fig. 5. b Two-dimensional score plot of principal component analysis. Blue and red represent F1 males from w¹¹¹⁸ fathers exposed to paternal restraint stress and controls, respectively; green and purple represent F1 males from paternal restraint stress-exposed or control dATF-2^KO fathers, respectively. c Hierarchical clustering of metabolites affected (both up- and downregulated) by paternal restraint stress. A total of 49 metabolites were significantly affected by paternal restraint stress treatment of w¹¹¹⁸ and dATF-2^KO fathers. Red and blue indicate high- and low-intensity levels, respectively. d Enrichment overview of metabolites significantly affected by paternal restraint stress. Pathways highlighted in yellow are related to glucose energy metabolism. See also Supplementary Fig. 4.