Fig. 2: Optogenetic cardiac pacing of ReaChR-expressing Drosophila using red light at the larval, early pupal, late pupal, and adult developmental stages (see examples in Supplementary video 1–4).
From: Non-invasive red-light optogenetic control of Drosophila cardiac function
Demonstration of red-light optical stimulation of ReaChR-expressing Drosophila hearts, and 2D M-mode images acquired from ReaChR and WT flies with the OCM system during pacing at the larval (a), early pupal (b), late pupal (c), and adult (d) stages. The HRs of the ReaChR flies follow the PRs applied by the three different red-light pulse trains. M-mode images acquired from WT flies are shown as controls, in which applying the same pulse trains as for ReaChR flies had little effect on the fly heartbeat. Red traces in the M-mode images illustrate intensity changes in the excitation light. Red numbers in the M-mode images represent PRs, while black fonts indicate HRs during pacing.
