Fig. 7: Graphical abstract.

Graphical abstract summarizing the in vitro and in vivo findings on enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) toxin (BFT) and epithelial cell signaling through GPR35. In the top panel, the in vitro findings with GPR35 shRNA knockdown (KD), inhibition with GPR35 antagonist ML145, and CRISPRCas knockout (KO) on morphological change, E-cadherin cleavage, and IL-8 secretion upon stimulation of HT29/c1 cells with Bactetoides fragilis toxin (BFT). In the bottom panel, the in vivo findings in C57Bl6 wild-type (WT) and GPR35−/− mice pretreated with cefoxitin antibiotics on body weight change and survival after colonization with ETBF. *Created with BioRender.com.