Fig. 4: Immunological confounders of cellular therapies.

Illustration representing the immunological confounders involved in cellular therapies including factors concerning various aspects of the cell therapy (e.g., cell source, differentiation protocol, cell type/function, specific maturation state of the cell product), the recipient’s transplantation site, and the limitations inherent to in vitro and in vivo experimental platforms. Overall these factors might trigger different degrees of rejection in the patient that will receive the cellular therapy, therefore limiting its efficacy.