Table 2 Summarized effects of different predictors on ultimate ecosystem functionality.

From: Species diversity and food web structure jointly shape natural biological control in agricultural landscapes

Ecosystem functionality

Predictor

Direct effect

Indirect effect

Total effect

ES (parasitism)

Parasitoid richness

−0.524

 

−0.524

Food web generality (Gq)

 

−0.363

−0.363

Parasitoid diversity

 

−0.326

−0.326

EDS (hyperparasitism)

Food web vulnerability (Vq)

0.514

 

0.514

Hyperparasitoid diversity

 

0.424

0.424

Hyperparasitoid richness

 

0.329

0.329

Secondary crop cover (SC)

 

−0.231

−0.231

  1. For the ecosystem service (ES, parasitism rate), results were based on the last SEM analysis after removing the landscape variable (Fig. 2a). Parasitoid richness had a direct effect on the studied ES, whereas food web generality (Gq) and parasitoid diversity had indirect effects (calculated as indirect path effect products). For the studied ecosystem disservice (EDS, hyperparasitism rate), food web vulnerability (Vq) had a direct positive effect on hyperparasitism, while hyperparasitoid richness and diversity had cascading positive effects (Fig. 3a). Secondary crop cover (SC) had a cascading negative effect on EDS. Total effects are computed by summing the direct and indirect effects for each predictor.
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