Fig. 3: Analysis of the primary VECs at single cell level showing that hPSC VEL differentiation recapitulates embryonic VEC development. | Communications Biology

Fig. 3: Analysis of the primary VECs at single cell level showing that hPSC VEL differentiation recapitulates embryonic VEC development.

From: Generation and characterization of cardiac valve endothelial-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells

Fig. 3: Analysis of the primary VECs at single cell level showing that hPSC VEL differentiation recapitulates embryonic VEC development.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) showing unbiased clustering results of endothelial cells36. Four different ECs were identified: 1 (endocardial cells), 2 (coronary vascular ECs), 3 (vascular ECs) and 4 (valvular ECs). b Pseudotime trajectory showing the distribution of cardiac endothelial cells. Top: distribution of endocardial cells and valvular ECs along pseudotime trajectory; middle: pseudotiming of endocardial and valvular ECs; and bottom: distribution of cells with exact developmental time points. Black arrows show the direction of pseudotime across trajectories. c Heat map illustrating the dynamic gene expression patterns of group 1 (G1) and 2 (G2) genes. Note: G1 genes are primarily expressed at early stages; while G2 are highly expressed at later stages. d Heat map illustrating the dynamic gene expression patterns of the indicated signaling pathway genes (top panel) and transcription regulatory genes (bottom panel) identified in G2. Black arrows pointing to TFs with well-known function in VEC induction and/or formation. e Heat map showing expression of a panel of G1 and G2 genes for day 6 and day 9 hPSC-derived VEC-like cells.

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