Fig. 7: High light increased starch accumulation and both high light and high temperature treatments induced chloroplast plastoglobuli formation in S. viridis leaves.

a–f Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) chloroplasts in leaves of S. viridis after 4 h treatments of control (ctrl_4h) or high light (HL_4h) or high temperature (HT_4h). TEM images of mesophyll (a–c) and bundle sheath (d–f) chloroplasts. S labels the starch granule; G labels grana, the orange arrows indicate grana in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts; PG labels plastoglobuli. g, i, j Relative volume fraction of indicated parameters were quantified using Stereo Analyzer with Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for statistical analysis compared to the same cell type of the control condition. h, k, l Area and size of indicated parameters were quantified using ImageJ with two-tailed t-test with unequal variance compared to the same cell type of the control condition. Each treatment had three biological replicates, total 90–120 images per treatment. ^*0.05 < p < 0.01; ^#p < 0.01. m Starch quantification using starch assay kits. Values are mean ± SE, n = 3 biological replicates. Pound symbols indicate statistically significant differences as compared to ctrl_4h using Student’s two-tailed t-test with unequal variance (^#p < 0.01).