Fig. 5: Optimization of vindoline production through ER expansion and cofactor supply enhancement (NADPH and SAM).

With VSY017 as the parent strain, OPI1 was deleted and INO2 was overexpressed for ER expansion, ZWF1 and GAPN were overexpressed to enhance NADPH supply, and SAM2 was overexpressed to increase SAM availability. All strains were cultured in SC with 2% galactose in the presence of 50 mg/L tabersonine. Error bars represent SD of biological triplicates (n = 3).