Fig. 7: Optimization of fermentation conditions for enhanced vindoline production in yeast.

a Enhancing vindoline production in YP medium via feeding low concentration of tabersonine (~15 mg/L) every 24 h after galactose induction. A total of ~100 mg/L tabersonine was fed into the fermentation broth. Error bars represent SD of biological triplicates. b The accumulation of vindoline and intermediate metabolites in strain VSY025 by intermittent feeding of low concentrations of tabersonine and high cell density yeast biotransformation (BioT). Data are average of biological triplicates (n = 3).