Fig. 1: Brain cytokines (CYT, orange circles) network and different suggested routes by which peripherally released inflammatory signals can bypass the blood–brain barrier and circumventricular organs (CVOs), and activate the central nervous system: humoral, cellular, and neural pathways. | Communications Biology

Fig. 1: Brain cytokines (CYT, orange circles) network and different suggested routes by which peripherally released inflammatory signals can bypass the blood–brain barrier and circumventricular organs (CVOs), and activate the central nervous system: humoral, cellular, and neural pathways.

From: Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes

Fig. 1

CCL-2: C-C motif chemokine ligand-2; CXCL-10: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10; IL-1: interleukin-1; mNTS: medial nucleus tractus solitarius; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.

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