Fig. 2: VSD imaging captures changes in primary features of population activity.

a Z-scored light intensities of neurons (left, black) and average waveform of detected action potentials (right). Red vertical lines indicate spike times. Neurons that had at least five spikes during the 120-s recording period are displayed (34 out of 92 neurons). b Imaged ganglion. Numbers correspond to neuron IDs of the cells in panels a and c. c Localized changes in light intensity during action potentials. Each panel displays the average change in intensity from baseline to peak across all detected spikes in the cell. Neuron ID is shown on the top-left of each panel. d Contingent training led to higher pairwise correlation across the population than yoked training (P = 0.03, W = −26, N = 7; medians: contingent = −0.04, yoked = −0.07). e No significant difference was observed in overall firing rate across the population (P = 0.81, W = −4, N = 7; medians: contingent = 0.15, yoked = 0.13). Data were pretest-subtracted. Individual datums represent preparations. Box plots show median (line), quartiles (box), and range (whiskers).