Fig. 3: Rationalization of PPARα and PPARγ as targets in IBD. | Communications Biology

Fig. 3: Rationalization of PPARα and PPARγ as targets in IBD.

From: Artificial intelligence-rationalized balanced PPARα/γ dual agonism resets dysregulated macrophage processes in inflammatory bowel disease

Fig. 3: Rationalization of PPARα and PPARγ as targets in IBD.

a A protein–protein interaction network (i.e., interactomes) for PPARα and PPARγ, generated using STRING v.11 (https://string-db.org). b Schematic summarizing the roles of PPARα, PPARγ, and PGC1α on mitochondria biogenesis and function (based on). PGC1-α emerges as a critical hub for forward feedback loops. c Reactome pathway analyses (www.reactome.org) on PPARα and PPARγ interactomes in a show convergence on metabolism, mitochondria bioenergetics, and the circadian clock. d Graphical visualization of the predicted changes in the expression of three genes (and the proteins they encode): PPARA (PPARα), PPARG (PPARγ), and PPARGC1A (PGC1-α) during the progression of IBD processes (indicated with an arrow). e, f Schematic showing validation workflow; the expression of PPARA, PPARG, and PPARGC1A transcript levels were assessed in the ileum/colon biopsies of IBD patients (UC = 14 and CD = 14)) or healthy controls (n = 7). g Violin plots display the qPCR results in (e, f). Results are displayed as mean ± SEM. Significance was tested using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. Significance: n.s, not significant, p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

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