Fig. 4: Cross-sectional, observational associations between eGFR and biochemical parameters.
From: Mendelian randomization reveals causal effects of kidney function on various biochemical parameters
The generalized additive model adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index was used to plot the shapes of the observational associations. The eGFR values were calculated based on the creatinine–cystatin C CKD-EPI equation in the UK Biobank (available in 321,024 individuals). The Y-axes indicate the values predicted by the generalized additive model. The biochemical parameters for which the causal estimates were consistently significant in the summary-level MR were assessed by cross-sectional observational analysis. The dashed-lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. The unit of eGFR was mL/min/1.73 m2, and the unit of measurements for biochemical parameters were as follows: hemoglobin concentration (grams/deciliter), lymphocyte percentage (percent), urine creatinine (micromole/L), alanine aminotransferase (U/L), urea (mmol/L), calcium (mmol/L), HDL cholesterol (mmol/L), insulin-like growth factor-1 (mmol/L), triglycerides (mmol/L), urate (µmol/L), and vitamin D (nmol/L).
