Fig. 2: Distribution and successional changes of vertically transmitted bacterial and fungal communities.

a Relative abundance of vertically transmitted bacterial and fungal communities during seed development. Mean relative abundances of bacterial and fungal OTUs were estimated at the genus level. Exact values of relative abundances and standard deviations are available in Supplementary Data 2. Bar plots are depicted according to sampling year and geographic sites. The numbers in x-axis indicate sampling point (days after transplanting to fields). CC1, Chuncheon 1; CC2, Chuncheon 2; SW, Suwon. b Pairwise dissimilarity between vertically transmitted bacterial and fungal communities in parent seeds (Se0) and progeny seeds collected from 76 to 141 days after transplanting. Pairwise community dissimilarity was calculated using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index. Boxes and lines in the boxes represent inter-quantile range (Q3–Q1) and median of dissimilarity values, respectively. Black-filled dots indicate potential outliers. Lower and upper whiskers show minimum and maximum values of community dissimilarity in each comparison pair. Statistical significance of each compartment by rice age was estimated using Kruskal-Wallis test with two-sided Dunn’s test since dissimilarity values did not meet the normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk normality test, P < 2.2e-16 for bacteria and fungi). The letters indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05). The statistical results are available in the source data in Supplementary Data 2. c Successional changes of cumulative relative abundance of vertically transmitted bacterial and fungal communities. Succession modes were classified based on linear regression between time and relative abundance of each OTU (Early, t < 0, P < 0.05; Mid/no trend, P > 0.05; Late, t > 0, P < 0.05). The numbers in x-axis indicate sampling point (days after transplanting to fields). The number 0 indicates parent seeds. The other numbers indicate progeny seeds. Boxes and lines in the boxes represent inter-quantile range (Q3–Q1) and median of cumulative relative abundances of OTUs in the succession groups in each time, respectively. Black dashed lines in the boxes indicate the mean cumulative relative abundances. Black-filled and gray dots indicate potential outliers and the cumulative relative abundances in each biological replicate (n = 18 for 76 days after transplanting; n = 27 for 90–141 days after transplanting), respectively. Lower and upper whiskers show minimum and maximum relative abundance values.