Fig. 5: Global meta-network of rice-associated bacterial and fungal communities.

a Features of global meta-network of rice-associated bacterial and fungal communities across age and compartment. Node size is proportion to degree centrality of each node. Nodes are colored by modules (subnetworks) to which each node belongs. Pairwise associations are colored based on correlation coefficient values: positive (gray, correlation coefficient > 0) and negative (light blue, correlation coefficient < 0). b Proportion of associations consisting of top 4 modules in the global meta-network. The proportion of associations is calculated by dividing number of associations in each compartment by total number of associations in each module. Associations are colored by compartments where associations are detected. c Similarity of network structures based on Jaccard similarity index. Each node indicates bacterial-fungal co-occurrence networks in different compartments and ages. The colors of upper half circles of each node indicate clusters to which nodes belong, and those of bottom half circles of each node represent age of rice (days after transplanting). Links in which Jaccard similarity values are above 0.02 are displayed. The size of links is proportional to the value of Jaccard similarity index. BS, bulk soil; RS, rhizosphere soil; R, root endosphere; FL, flag leaves next to panicles; L3, the leaves at 30–40 cm from soil; L2, the leaves at 20–30 cm from soil; L1, the leaves at 10–20 cm from soil; S1–S9, stem samples which were separated at 10 cm intervals depending on the height of plants (S1 [stem at 0–10 cm from soil]-S9 [stem at above 80 cm from soil]); Se, seeds. d The taxonomic profiles of bacterial-fungal co-occurrence associations of dominant phyla and classes. Interconnections of bacterial and fungal taxa are indicated as edges in a directed network. Edges are lines that connect source node taxa with which edges start and target node taxa with which edges end. Edges are colored by the taxon acting as a source node. e Non-random distribution of bacterial-fungal associations across age and compartments at the class level. Overrepresentation of microbial associations was estimated using the hypergeometric distribution analysis. Kingdoms, where each class belongs, are indicated as “B_” for bacteria and “F_” for fungi. Overrepresented associations are colored by red squares, whereas randomly distributed associations are colored by white squares.