Fig. 7: The proposed model Cry78Aa uses to kill rice planthoppers.

According to the structural and biochemical results in this study, we proposed that the Cry78Aa may kill L. striatellus nymphs by the following steps: I. The NTD of Cry78Aa recognizes carbohydrates such as galactose, lactose or GalNAc on the cell membrane surface receptor. II. The NTD of Cry78Aa binds to receptors (such as Gal-linked glycolipid or glycoprotein) on the membrane under the guidance of carbohydrates. III. With the help of receptors, the local concentration increase of monomers will promote oligomerization, and the pore-forming domains (CTDs) of Cry78Aa assemble to form a giant oligomer. IV. Molecular rearrangement of each protomer inside the Cry78A oligomer, leading to a prepore assembly. V. β-Barrel formation will create a pore in the bilayer, leading to the disruption of membrane homeostasis and ultimately to cell lysis.