Fig. 4: Structural properties, cell viability, and expression of angiogenesis-related paracrine factors in Sx7R.

a Representative morphological features evaluated through H&E and F-actin staining of densely cultured hADSC spheroids treated with red light irradiation. b Representative SEM images showing the surface morphology of the spheroid. c Spheroid diameter measurements (n = 7, *p < 0.05 vs. S group, ##p < 0.001 vs. each group). The cell viability was evaluated using FDA-EB assay (d, scale bars = 500 μm) and the relative expression of BCL-2 and CASPASE-3 in hADSCs was analyzed using the S group as a control (e, n = 4). f Relative expression of VEGF and FGF2 in the densely-incubated hADSCs spheroid following red light treatment using the S group as a control (n = 4, *p < 0.05 vs. the S group). g Relative concentration of VEGF and FGF2 in CM evaluated using ELISA (n = 5, *p < 0.05 vs. S group, **p < 0.001 vs. S group, #p < 0.05 vs. each group, ##p < 0.001 vs. each group). Data are presented as mean ± S.D.