Fig. 1: EES as a means of controlling gene expression in mammalian host cells.
From: Engineered endosymbionts that alter mammalian cell surface marker, cytokine and chemokine expression
The EES enter phagocytic mammalian host cells and escape the phagosome using the LLO protein. The EES then secrete a reporter protein or transcription factor into the cytoplasm through the Tat pathway followed by localization to the host cell nuclei. Expression of mammalian transcription factors from the EES were shown to direct macrophage function.
