Fig. 2: Latitude and mean DBH as predictors of tree density.

a Colored contour biplot for predictions of a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) in which tree density (see the colored scale on the right) is expressed as a function of mean DBH (diameter at breast height) and latitude. Gray points are the data used in the GAMM. b predicted smoothing values of climatic Net Primary Productivity (NPP, blue lines) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC, red lines) as function of latitude. Solid lines represent the fitted mean values whereas dotted lines represent the 95% confidence intervals around the mean.