Fig. 3: Proton boron capture therapy induces similar cell death effects as compared to proton irradiation but a higher caspases signal.

a Representative images of KI67 nuclei and caspases in GBM tumor sections derived from mock proton, proton-treated and proton boron-treated mice. b–d Quantification of KI67 positive cells, apoptotic count, and percentage of immunopositivity cells for caspases in GBM tumor sections derived from mock proton (white boxes and white circles), proton-treated (red boxes and red circles) and proton boron-treated (blue boxes and blue circles) mice. e, f Representative pictures and quantification of the MFI and number of foci per cell of phospho-ATM staining in mock proton (white boxes and white circles), proton-treated (red boxes and red circles) and proton boron-treated (blue boxes and blue circles) mice. Nuclei are stained with DAPI. *p-value < 0.05, **p-value < 0.01 and ****p-value < 0.0001. IS Intensity score, ES Extent Score, IRS intensity reactivity score, MFI mean fluorescence intensity.