Fig. 4: Comparison of performances before and after incorporating dose–response curve into the baseline model in inter-study predictions.

Models were trained using three datasets and then tested on the remaining dataset. The models refer to the same model definition in Fig. 3. a Performances of machine learning models in the 3 vs 1 training-testing settings. For each comparison, the training set includes three studies shown on the top, while the test set contains one study shown on the right. Top performances are marked by “*”. b The Pairwise comparison of performances of five models, showing the performance ratios (PRs) and their p-values (paired t test).