Fig. 5: Tumor-induced STC impairment was attenuated by IL-1β blocking.

Mice were fed with normal water or ABX water for 4 weeks before establishing the HCC model. Another two weeks later, mice were killed, hippocampus was removed. a–l The presence of different inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, IL-27, IFN-β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GM-CSF were assessed from the serum of tumor-bearing mice fed with normal or ABX water (n = 10). m The expression level of IL-1β in the hippocampus of tumor-bearing mice fed with normal or ABX water was quantified by qPCR (n = 5). n Hippocampus from control or HCC tumor-bearing mice were collected and stained for IL-1β. o Intestine LP CD11b⁺CD11c^- monocytes, CD11b^-CD11c⁺ dendritic cells and CD11b⁺CD11c⁺ dendritic cells were sorted and treated with feces contents isolated from control or tumor-bearing mice, the IL-1β level in the supernatant was measured by ELISA (n = 5). p Intestine LP CD11b⁺CD11c^- monocytes, CD11b^-CD11c⁺ dendritic cells and CD11b⁺CD11c⁺ dendritic cells sorted from Mock or Tumor-bearing mice and stimulated for 3 h, the IL-1β level in the supernatant was measured by ELISA (n = 5). q The bile acids in the serum and liver tissue were quantified by bile acids kit from Mock and Tumor-bearing mice, the total bile acids level in the liver were standardized with the liver weight (n = 5). r Mice were fed with normal water or ABX water for 4 weeks before establishing the HCC model. IL-1β neutralization antibody or IgG isotype control was injected into the tumor-bearing mice for 2 weeks. STC was tested in mice fed with normal water and injected with IgG isotype control (n = 6). s STC was tested in mice fed with ABX water and injected with IgG isotype control (n = 6). t STC was tested in mice fed with normal water and injected with IL-1β neutralization antibody (n = 6). u STC was tested in mice fed with ABX water and injected with IL-1β neutralization antibody (n = 6). v A histogram of mean fEPSP slope values recorded for recipient mice at three different time points: -15 min (baseline), +60 min, and +240 min after Late-LTP for STC. w A histogram of mean fEPSP slope values recorded for recipient mice at three different time points: −15 min (baseline), +60 min, and +240 min after early-LTP for STC. Error bars indicate ±SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. The experiments were repeated for three times. Symbols, traces, and the scale bar are similar to those shown in Figs. 1 and 3.