Fig. 2: Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis results of the causal effects of nine types of serum interleukin levels on kidney function.

The causal estimates were derived from the UK Biobank and CKDGen genome-wide association study meta-analysis for log-transformed creatinine-based eGFR. The shapes indicate beta coefficients per standard deviation change in corresponding serum interleukin level, and error bars indicate the 95% confidence interval. a The rhombus, square, and circle shapes indicate estimates calculated from weighted median, MR-IVW, and MR-Egger, respectively. b The triangle, rhombus, square, and circle shapes indicate estimates calculated from the weighted median, ratio of coefficient, MR-IVW, and MR-Egger, respectively. eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, IL interleukin, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, MR-IVW multiplicative random-effects inverse-variance weighted.