Table 1 Behavioral scoring for each media of bird using their feet to manipulate objects.

From: Online repositories of photographs and videos provide insights into the evolution of skilled hindlimb movements in birds

Behavior

Description

Score

Foot use

The bird uses its claw to hold or grasp an object

0,1

Grasping

Claw/toes closed around an object

0,1

Free grasping

Claw/toes closed around an object while object is not in contact with any surface. Other parts of the claw/leg can be in contact with the surface.

0,1

Free grasping in flight

Object grasped during flight

0,1

Use of toes

Object is held or grasped with only some toes

0,1

Use of one leg

Only one leg is used to hold or grasp

0,1

Foot to beak

Claw is lifted to the beak

0,1

Foot to midline

Claw is brought to the midline

0,1

Inward rotation

The claw is rotated inward

0,1

Outward rotation

The foot is rotated outward

0,1